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backdoor
This article is about hidden backdoors into computer systems. For other uses, see Backdoor (disambiguation).

A backdoor in a computer system (or a cryptosystem, or even in an algorithm) is a method of bypassing normal authentication or obtaining remote access to a computer, while intended to remain hidden to casual inspection. The backdoor may take the form of an installed program (e.g., Back Orifice) or could be a modification to a legitimate program.

A backdoor in a login system could take the form of a hard-coded user and password combination which gives access to the system. A famous example of this was used as a plot device in the 1983 film WarGames, wherein the designer of a computer system (the 'WOPR') had inserted an undocumented password (named after his son) which gave the user access to the system and to undocumented aspects of its behavior (a video game like simulation mode).

An attempt to plant a backdoor in the Linux kernel, exposed in November 2003, showed how subtle such a code change could be. [1] In this case a two-line change took the form of an apparent typographical error, which in practice gave the caller to the sys_wait4 function root access to the machine (see the external link below).

The prevalence of backdoors in proprietary software systems (those supplied without source code that can be inspected) is a topic of speculation, but they have been occasionally exposed in practice. Programmers have succeeded in secretly installing even large amounts of code as Easter eggs in programs without detection, though in these cases there may be official forbearance if not permission.

It is also possible to create a backdoor without modifying the source code of a program, or even modifying it after compilation. This can be done by rewriting the compiler so that it recognizes code during compilation that triggers inclusion of a backdoor in the compiled output. When the compromised compiler finds such code, it compiles it as normal, but also inserts a backdoor (perhaps a password recognition routine). So, when the user provides that input, he gains access to some (likely undocumented) aspect of program operation. This attack was first outlined by Ken Thompson in his famous paper Reflections on Trusting Trust.

Many computer worms, such as Sobig and Mydoom, install a backdoor on the affected computer (generally a PC on broadband running insecure versions of Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Outlook). Such backdoors appear to be installed so that spammers can send junk email from the infected machines.

The classic "Trusting Trust" backdoor

"Trusting Trust" was the first major paper to describe black box backdoor issues, and point out that trust is relative. It described a very clever classic backdoor mechanism based upon the fact that people only review source (human written) code, and not compiled (machine) code. A program called a compiler is used to create the second from the first, and it is trusted to do an honest job.

This paper therefore described how a modified version of the UNIX C compiler could be told specifically to:

  • Put an invisible backdoor in the Unix Login command when compiled, and as a twist
  • Also add this feature undetectably to future compiler versions upon their compilation as well.

Because the compiler itself was a compiled program, this extra functionality would never be noticed, and likewise would not be noticed in software created by it. What's worse, in Thompson's implementation, the subverted compiler also subverted the analysis program (the disassembler), so that someone who examined the binaries in the usual way would not actually see the real code that was running, but something else instead. This version was never released into the wild. It was released to a sibling Bell Labs organization as a test case; they never found the attack.

In 2005 the paper Countering Trusting Trust through Diverse Double-Compiling was published. This paper showed how to counter this backdoor, but it requires a second compiler, and it only shows if a source and binary correspond (humans must still review the compiler source code).

Backdoors in the media

  • The popular movie WarGames is about a teenage hacker who discovers a backdoor inserted in the Department of Defense's computer system by the person who made the system.

External links

  • Reflections on Trusting Trust
  • Thwarted Linux backdoor hints at smarter hacks; Kevin Poulsen; 6 November 2003; SecurityFocus
  • Tiny SHell, a portable UNIX backdoor with AES encryption
  • Backdoors removal — List of backdoors and their removal instructions.
  • FAQ Farm's Backdoors FAQ: wiki question and answer forum
  • NTBindShell is a popular backdoor for Windows 2000 / XP (GPL license)de:Hintertür
Search Term: "Backdoor"

 

backdoor news and backdoor articles

Here's our top rated backdoor links for the day:

Backdoor Trojan Unleashes Dual-Media Attack 

IT Observer - Jun 28 8:01 AM
Security experts at MicroWorld Technologies have received reports about a text message being spammed to mobile phone users in US and parts of Canada, thanking them for subscribing to a nonexistent dating website that would charge them $2 per day. To unsubscribe the service you are told to visit a URL and follow the instructions.

Called his bluff? Dead hand walking 
Los Angeles Daily News - 1 hour, 10 minutes ago
Hard poker truth: You cannot bluff the unbluffable. These opponents are known as calling stations because they call just about every bet and raise. It is almost impossible to run these types of players off a hand.

Timing is key with pocket kings 
Los Angeles Daily News - 1 hour, 10 minutes ago
It's not a question of whether you're going to play your pocket kings big. It's a matter of when you're going to do it in the hand and, sometimes, where you are in a tournament.

Police crack major drug syndicate 
Australian Broadcasting Corporation - Jun 29 2:06 AM
ANDREW GEOGHEGAN: Australian and Indonesian police say they've smashed a major syndicate, which was smuggling a key ingredient in the illegal drugs speed and crystal meth.

Man Sentenced To Life With No Parole In Killing Of Dairy Mart Clerk 
WLEX-TV Lexington - 1 hour, 59 minutes ago
A Lexington man was sentenced Wednesday to life in prison without the possibility of parole in the brutal September 2004 murder of a Lexington Dairy Mart clerk.

Barry: Meath delighted to get second chance 
GAA Football & Hurling - 9 minutes ago
Meath manager Eamonn Barry is a big fan of the All-Ireland qualifier system, even if the Royals’ record in the back-door championship hasn’t been the best.

Jammu and Kashmir Committee says appointments by Custodian General illegal 
New Kerala - Jun 29 3:59 AM
Srinagar: A three-member Jammu and Kashmir legislators committee has termed as "illegal" and "unconstitutional" the appointments made by the Custodian General during a three year period beginning November 2002 and recommended they be quashed.

How to... have a clubbing night out at home Date: 
The Wessex Scene Online - Jun 29 2:35 AM
1. Start the evening off by drinking in the bathroom. Put a huge hi-fi in there, and turn the volume up until you can’t hear. Complain that the drinks are really expensive (unless you get a cocktail: "they’re really cheap tonight").

Facilities in Easton have to endure 
The Express-Times - Jun 28 9:20 PM
EASTON | It was nearly one year ago that Safe Harbor reopened its doors after the April 2005 floods shuttered the homeless shelter for more than two months.

Galt officer rescues boys from fire 
The Sacramento Bee - Jun 28 5:39 PM
A Galt police officer rushed through the flames of a burning truck to rescue children trapped inside a duplex early Wednesday morning.

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